Rational Decision Making Model Essay - 1605 Words

Rational Decision Making Model Abstract What is a decision? The word decision can be defined as, â€Å"the act of reaching a conclusion or making up ones mind† (American Heritage, 2000). Essentially, a decision is a choice that an individual or a group of people makes. A decision can be a single action, an entire process, or even just a single spoken word or gesture. Decision-making is one of the defining characteristics of leadership. Making decisions is what managers and leaders are paid to do, and is an integral part of their day’s duties. The affects of decisions can range from minor in consequence to life or career threatening. Regardless of the consequences, it is important to understand when a decision needs to be made and the†¦show more content†¦3). Essentially, the Rational Model requires people to have a clear understanding of the actual problem. Unless the issue is clearly established, the Rational Model can be ineffective. This model also incorporates extensive research, so that all opti ons or alternatives can be brought before the decision-maker(s). The Rational Model is a step-by-step decision-making model. Depending on the source of definition for the Rational Model, it consists of anywhere from four to nine steps that must be taken to reach a comprehensive, educated and effective solution. Basically, the Rational Model can be broken down into four basic steps, which can be further diluted to create the additional three to five steps. Step 1 – Define the Problem The first step of the Rational Model is to define the problem. As stated in the definition, in order for the Rational Model to be effective, the problem or issue needs to be clearly understood. It is imperative to truly understand to source of a problem, not just the symptoms. The MBA program at the University of Houston Victoria provides this example, â€Å"if a member of your staff is impolite to a client on the phone, the problem may not be that your staff member is impolite--it may be that he needs customer service training, or that he is having difficulty coping with the stress that his professional responsibilities involve† (2005). Essentially, the virus needs to be treated, not the cough it causes. Step 2 – GenerateShow MoreRelatedRational Decision Making Model1679 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract What is a decision? The word decision can be defined as, the act of reaching a conclusion or making up ones mind (American Heritage, 2000). Essentially, a decision is a choice that an individual or a group of people makes. A decision can be a single action, an entire process, or even just a single spoken word or gesture. Decision-making is one of the defining characteristics of leadership. Making decisions is what managers and leaders are paid to do, and is an integral part of theirRead MoreThe Rational Decision Making Model1066 Words   |  5 Pageswe do the most. All of these things, both small and large require a process that is commonly referred to as the decision making process. Decisions make up every aspect of our daily lives that is remotely imaginable. One of the most common decision making model is called the, rational decision making model. The first step in the model is to construe the problem or the actual decision to be made. Then, you will identify the information needed for the process to go forth. After that, you will weighRead MoreRational Model Of Decision Making1287 Words   |  6 Pagescompany and will be understood by every employee. The first step within the rational model of decision making is to identify the problem or opportunity at hand. This can be anywhere from customer compliments to turnover of staff or mergers that can take place to hiring a new top executive. This stage is all about making improvements and diagnosing them in the proper way. The second step within the rational model of decision making it to think up alternative solutions. This can be either obvious or creativeRead MoreRational Model Of Decision Making1036 Words   |  5 Pagesand/or how would you apply these to your workplace? Tools for decision making is interesting topic to me. I used probability theory some time using actual values. Often everyone use the probability concept based on the previous experience and knowledge. This the first time came across decision making software. I searched internet about decision making software. Those program leads the user through the steps of the formal decision making process. These days I am looking for Laboratory Management SoftwareRead MoreThe Rational Decision Making Model766 Words   |  4 PagesMost of us have to make decisions from the time we wake up until the time we go to bed at night. Answering questions like what should I eat for breakfast, can I make that yellow light and should I go to the gym or go out for pizza all require us to make a choice or a decision (Robbins, S.P., Judge, T.A., 2009). At work I am challenged with collaborating with managers and other leaders to make decisions based on scenarios and events that occur in the hospital. The challenge when workingRead MoreThe Rational Decision Making Model Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagesrecommendations of the report. The rational decision making model is utilized to make the best decision possible. â€Å"The rational decision making model is the best-known prescriptive model; the model involves several sequential steps: identifying the problem, determining the goals and objectives, identifying and evaluating alternative policies, choosing from the alternatives, recommending actions, implementation, and evaluation (Smith, 2014).† The use of this model is justified as it provides structureRead MoreDecision Making : The Rational Planning Model969 Words   |  4 PagesThe process of decision-making, and the models used during this process, has long been a focus in the field of Urban Planning. Part of this focus has been a discussion regarding which decision-making model is best suited for this profession. One often employed but highly controversial model for decision-making found in this field is the rational planning model. This model, which was first adopted by planners in the 1950’s and 1960’s, focuses on addressing the problems of cities and their inhabitantsRead MoreRational Decision Making Model Of An Intuitive Model941 Words   |  4 PagesI would use rational decision-making model to assist Catherine in her decision-making. First of all, because a rational decision model provides structure and discipline to the decision making process. In contrast an intuitive model is basically making decisions based on feelings. Catherine cannot afford to make a decision just based on feeling because at this stage in her life, she wants to make a decision that is going to be logical and based on facts. Therefore, Catherine will have full and perfectRead MoreThe Rational Model of Policy Decision Making2813 Words   |  12 PagesLefoko O. Molebatsi (2001) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Public Policy and Policy Analysis: The Rational Model Question: The rational model of public p olicy making, though heavily criticized, is the most widely used and or talked about model. Discuss why. By Lefoko O. Molebatsi (University of Botswana) Instructor: Prof G. S Maipose 2001 1 Selected Essays by Lefoko O. Molebatsi (2001) -----------------------------Read MoreThe Rational Model of Policy Decision Making2827 Words   |  12 PagesLefoko O. Molebatsi (2001) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Public Policy and Policy Analysis: The Rational Model Question: The rational model of public policy making, though heavily criticized, is the most widely used and or talked about model. Discuss why. By Lefoko O. Molebatsi (University of Botswana) Instructor: Prof G. S Maipose 2001 1 Selected Essays by Lefoko O. Molebatsi (2001) -------------------------

Essay about Killer Angels - 1119 Words

Wars have been fought for many different reasons through the years, and that holds true for the American Civil War (1861-1865). In Michael Shaara’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, the reasons for fighting the war are brought about through the officers and soldiers at a famous battle site of the Civil War, Gettysburg. Gettysburg was one of the most documented battles of the whole war. It took place over a span of three days and can be viewed as a turning point from Confederate prominence to Confederate demise. The Union and the Confederacy each had their own views as to why they were fighting the war. The propaganda pitch the Union gave was they were fighting to free the slaves. This was not true! It was said Southerners†¦show more content†¦The Federal government needed the income from the South so they were forced into fighting to save the tax coming from the South. Without consulting Congress, Lincoln sent great armies of destruction to the South. The Southern people had no choice but to defend themselves from this invasion. The South fought, simply, for their independence, as the United States federal government of the northern states refused to allow the South to leave peacefully. The men of the South did not fight to win their freedom; they fought to keep it! For all intents and purposes, if the North had not invaded the South, there would have been no war. The name quot;civil warquot; implies that two, or more, groups of people within a country take up arms against each other in a struggle for the government. This was not what took place in the South between 1861 a nd 1865. It was an invasion of one nation into another independent, sovereign nation. The struggle is properly called quot;The War For Southern Independence,quot; as that is the most correct description of the reasoning behind the war. The Southern soldier fought to protect his home, State, and Nation from the invading United States army. He fought in honor of his forefathers who had fought against British tyranny. The soldiers of the Confederacy were not traitors. Some historians have branded any manShow MoreRelatedEssay On Killer Angels1776 Words   |  8 PagesKiller Angels is a 1974 historical novel by Michael Shaara. The book tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. The novel is told through the voices of both Union army and Confederate Army of Northern Virginia leaders who were in battle there. The novel is laid out in days and each new chapter for the day gives a number and the name of the man who is the focus of the chapter. In Killer Angels, t he Army of Northern Virginia’s demise is highlighted by a few different featuresRead More Killer Angels Essay2541 Words   |  11 Pages The Killer Angels The Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives the full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the generals and men involved in the action of the battle. The historical account of the BattleRead MoreKiller Angels Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesKiller Angels The pain, joy, bloodshed, death, and sorrow of the Civil War are all contained in the book called, The Killer Angels. This book will show you the thoughts, feelings and actions of many of the leaders of both armies. By reading this book you will get an in depth view of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. Even if you know absolutely nothing about this war, you can still read and understand everything that is portrayed. This story not only gives you the view of many of theRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Background Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches ShaaraRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Abraham Lincoln1046 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst itself cannot stand.† Lincoln believes that there is no such thing as a balance between free and slave states and that the two contradictory governments are bound to fall. That describes the conflict that occurs in the fictional novel, The Killer Angels, a civil war story between the Union and Confederate states fighting to achieve the government they yearn for. The setting takes place in the midst of the Battle of Gettysburg as the two sides prepare for the fight. The Confederate officers include:Read MoreThe Killer Angels Book Review1641 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Cline The Killer Angels Book Review June 21, 2012 The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara: The Random House Publishing Group, New York, 1974. The Killer Angels is a stunning recollection of the telltale battle of the Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg. Set from June 29 to July 3, 1863 and told from the vantage points of several soldiers and commanding officers from both sides, including Lee, Longstreet, and Chamberlain, Michael Shaara effectively paints a picture of the war that divided AmericaRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1206 Words   |  5 PagesShawn Gacy American Lit. Mrs. Moyer September 11, 2015 Summer Reading The book I chose to read over the summer was the book The Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 1, 1863, the Confederate army, and the Union army, fought the largest battle of the American Civil War. When the battle ended, fifty one thousand men were KIA (Killed In Action), wounded, or MIA (Missing in Action). All the characters in this book are basedRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Killer Angels is a novel written by Michael Shaara which tells the story of the four day battle of Gettysburg from June 30 and ended July 3, 1863.There were two armies in the novel the Union and the Confederate soliders who eneded up fighting in a town called Gettysburg located in Pennsylvania. In the novel, there are four major characters who were all Generals, General Lee, General Longstreet, General Pickett, and Colonel Chamberlain.The main cause of the war was the confederate wanting to splitRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1117 Words   |  5 Pages Michael Shaara’s 1974 historical novel, The Killer Angels, covers the story of the four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that also features maps for visualization. The format of the story is well organized. It begins with a Foreword, which describes in great detail the armies and soldiers involved in the battle. It follows up with four sections and within each section there are chapters that are written in chronological order, covering the events between Monday, June 29, 1863 and Friday, July 3Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1947 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives this full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara author of â€Å"The Killer Angels,† tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of generals Robe rt E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford, and the other men involved in the action

Music Can Be Seen as Related to Gender. free essay sample

For many years discussions of sexuality were informed by a distinction between sex and gender. The sex of a person was Judged to be biologically determined and their gender to be culturally and socially constructed (Firebombed, Hill and Turner, 1988: 103). Gender roles are frequently based around the Ideas that women are expected to be more passive and emotional and men more assertive and rational. The first type of essentialist that can be found in this area [music and gender] is the idea that men and women express some essential masculine or feminine forms of sexuality.The second type is that this in turn can be found manifested in the content of particular cultural products and practices. (Nexus, p. 124). Jeffery Weeks argued that biology merely provides a set of potentialities that are transformed and given meaning in social relationships (1986: 25). One of the reasons why gender has perhaps often been considered to be more social, and sex in turn more natural, is that gender Is usually more visible as a series of conventions about dress codes, expected public bodily behavior, manner of speech and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Can Be Seen as Related to Gender. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sex, however, Is loosely connected to sexuality, which has often been Informed by beliefs that this should be a more private affair. The adolescently between sex and gender Is therefore both Ideological and misleading. Here I follow the approach of Weeks, who has argued that gender is the social condition of being male or female, and sexuality, the cultural way of living out our bodily pleasures and desires (1 986: 45). Is rock itself an inherently masculine genre? One of the earliest attempts to start theorizing the relationship between rock music and sexuality can be found in an essay written bySimon Firth and Angela Microbes (1978), in which they argued that rock operated as a form of sexual expression and as a form of sexual control. Firth and Microbes declared that, in terms of control and production, rock is a male form (1978: 5). This argument was illustrated with reference of two different types of music: coco rock and teenybopper. Coco rock Is a term that was coined by feminists during the early asses to refer to male performers such as Mice Jaeger, Roger Dallier and Robert Plant, who were aggressive, dominating and boastful.Women were often portrayed as subordinate in their songs and represented as sex objects on ALP covers. The music was loud, rhythmically insistent, built around techniques of arousal and climax, the lyrics are assertive and arrogant.. . coco rockers musical skills become synonymous with their sexual skills (Firth and Microbes (1978: 7). They believe that men dominate and control the production, reproduction and dissemination of rock music and this is reflected in the music.Comparing this with teenybopper, which was Judged to be consumed almost exclusively by girls, Firth and Microbes found a contrasting representation of male sexuality based on softer ballad styles, and evocations of self- itty and vulnerability which encouraged female fantasies about being the partner of a singer. Firth and Microbes argument was based on a narrow series of essentialist assumptions which privileged heterosexual behavior. As Weeks (1986) has argued, male and female sexuality Is far more varied and differentiated.Against Firth and Microbes argument that rock is male because it is controlled by men and therefore historical approach by claiming that rock has been actively made as male. Focusing on a specific submerge, heavy metal, he notes that heavy rock is not enjoyed entirely y male audience and neither does it communicate one type of masculinity. Waller continues to argue that heavy metal musicians do not simply express some essential maleness but instead are involved in what he calls forging masculinity. This is not a type of unmediated cultural expression but a conscious and deliberate strategy.Annals argues that for most of its early history, heavy metal was actively made as male through a series of quite particular practices, strategies and tactics. Waller Identified four such strategies that he found articulated in song lyrics, through the use of musical codes and music videos. These he has identified as: 1 . ) ascription, Inch means no girls are allowed; 2. ) misogyny, an anti-woman strategy which results n women appearing in songs and videos as mysterious or dangerous and as a threat to male control; 3. ) romance, a cultural strategy whereby love, escape and fantasy provide a means of transcending everyday problems; 4. Androgyny, which is an ambiguous and contradictory strategy while using elements of conventionally feminine clothing (lace, stockings and make-up), many hard rock musicians seek to assert their heterosexuality and are anxious that their androgyny should not lead to heir sexuality being wrongly attributed as gay by fans, other musicians or journalists. I agree with Goodliest and Wald when they argue that rock can provide a means by which women can actively create distinctive female subcultures by using the example of Riot Girl.The label Riot Girl typically applied to a US sub-genre of alternative rock performed by female artists and groups that emerged in the early asses. The Musical style appropriates elements of punk, hard-rock and grunge. Omen musicians challenged the use of the guitar as a symbol of male power; the female voice was employed to challenge the macho assertiveness of rock in reticular through screaming and the adoption of a variety of vocal sounds that were used to evoke rage, pleasure and/or primal self assertion (Goodliest and Wald, 1994: 261). As performers, women neither tried to become one of the boys nor played up to the traditional feminine image by seeking the heterosexual male gaze. Lyrically the songs dealt with taboo or private issues such as menstruation, incest, abuse, birth, motherhood and lesbian sex. Riot Girl paved the way for wider recognition of Omen artists and groups in alternative rock genres (whether or not explicitly political in nature).However, Goodliest and Wald tempered their optimism with the observation that, despite the advances made by a few female performers, the on- going tradition of rock is still deeply masculinity (1994: 252). After all, where are the female rock musicians who might challenge the success of Guns N Roses, 1. 12 or ERM? The conclusion that might be drawn from this writing on rock and sexuality is that rock is a genre that has been sexed in a very particular way, and as such its generic codes and conventions can present a formidable barrier to musicians who Net to challenge a nd change them.One quote that agrees that rock is male, is made by Julie Burial (1994) where she states that l know its a sexist thing to say, but Omen arent as good at making music as men like theyre not as good as men at football. A girl in a dress with a guitar looks weird. Its k on the radio, because you cant see them. Christie Hymned is an exception. Very few of them are exceptions. And great fan of girls in pop. There are Just two types of female making pop music today those blessed with good looks, and those who would perhaps be better served by an undercover visit to the local plastic surgeon.Women rockers] are Just indulging in ugly winning bleating. When ugly winning get left by some scrawny, spotty failed musician they blame the whole world but you couldnt give a sit because they sound so bucking whiningly horrible. Paul Lester (1992), This is a pretty harsh comment to make, suggesting that only pretty women can pull off being a rock musician. It should not be based on looks, after all, not a lot of male rockers are attractive. An example of a Riot Girl Group is Hole that were formed in 1989.They are not (considered to be) an original Riot Girl group although there are musical, hayrick and attitudinal similarities. Their key albums are: Pretty on the Inside (1991); Live Through This (1994); Celebrity Skin (1998). Their musical output was often dominated by Loves (controversial) public image. Live Through This draws on punk, rock and grunge and it parallels with Nirvanas Nevermore. It utilities alternating soft Jeers/explosive chorus (CB. Nirvana).This Riot Girl group has an abrasive and ironic/ Nor-weary vocal delivery (as opposed to the stereotypically polished or sweet- sounding female vocal). It is made catchy with the use of melodic pop hooks and endemic chorus. The lyrics synthesis the intimately confessional with the socially relevant (again, producing songs that operate both individually and collectively). Powerful use of dynamic contrast at all levels acoustic v heavy distortion; gentle low register v shouting/screaming high register; understated verse v powerful chorus. Riot Girl was essentially about empowerment but, wary of the bad press, the Riot Frumps and Feminine tags, many women in bands distanced themselves from it in droves. Riot Girl ultimately was a fanzine-led flashlight, a media rocket supporting he key-issue a womans place in art and rock culture. (O Bribe, p. 164) It is not Just rock that has been generically sexed, but also disco and Jazz. When writing about rock, Firth and Microbes had argued that disco expressed a sexuality which was cool, restrained and understated (1978 :19).Basing many of their observations on the disco movie Saturday Night Fever, they wrote of the social relations of disco as traditional girls dreaming of disco romance and boys dreaming of quick and easy sex (1978: 19). Yet disco music, far from being associated simply with traditional trousseaux conventions, is a genre that has frequently been linked with gay male sexuality. Richard Dyer argues that disco has been taken up by gays in ways that may Nell not have been intended by its producers (1990:413).The apparent gayness of disco has been questioned by John Gill (1995), who has been critical of many of the assumptions that have been made about gay preferences in music (e. G. Who says that gay men prefer opera, show tunes and disco? ). Gill is particularly critical of the Nay that gay disco music has become something of a sexual stereotype among both ay and non-gay music fans. I believe that although disco may not have been Intended to be gay by its producers, it has still somewhat become gay with its cheesy music/lyrics, bright colors, fancy, over-the-top clothing etc.In discussing this he has made some interesting observations on the sexing of musical genres and in particular about the sexing of Jazz. Gill has noted how the lesbian, gay and bisexual aspects to the lives and music of many prominent composers and musicians have referring to the experiences of the gay Jazz musician Gary Burton, whose experiences as led him to conclude that Jazzs public image does not fit well with being a gay person (1995:75). This is an interesting observation because for many of its devotes Jazz is thought not to have an image (unlike the excesses of rock performance for example).Yet, as Burton observes from touring and performing; Many people still persist in wanting Jazz to be played by bucked-up addicts and alcoholics, in cramped smoky clubs, while wearing garish clothes and silly hats and sunglasses and talking jive talk. I get complaints all the time about not looking the part (Gill 1995:75). This argument about males being superior, has been going on for many years, long before rock, Jazz or disco. As Susan McClain states with her argument that, much of the Nesters classical tradition can be understood as patriarchal.She gives four such examples: 1 . ) The exclusion of, or writing out of history of, women composers and performers; 2. ) The use of gendered terms (e. G. Feminine ending or feminine cadence); 3. ) The stereotypically gendered portrayal of female (and male) characters n opera; 4. ) That sonata form itself plays out a narrative of masculine domination. Doll Bernhard Marx once stated in his lengthy discussion of sonata form that in sonata form the first theme is masculine and the second theme feminine. In this pair of themes The first theme is the one determined at the outset, that is, with a primary freshness and energy consequently that which is energetically, emphatically, absolutely shaped The dominating and determining feature. On the other hand, the second theme Is serving as a contrast, dependent on and determined by the former consequently, and according to its nature necessarily, the milder idea, one more apple than emphatically shaped, as if it were the feminine to that proceeding masculine. The construction of gender that he suggested here would become one of his most influential assertions, one that has become both disturbing and deeply problematic. Burlier also thought of the first expositions theme of his Symphonies fantasies as a construction of the feminine, not the masculine, as would apparently also be true, much later, of Wagers Satisfied-loudly. Also with Mendelssohn Overture to A midsummer nights dream from 1826, were the second theme was meant to evoke the feminine. Another use of the gendered term feminine is also used to describe cadences. The general idea among musicians is that the feminine cadence is weak and the masculine strong. But this general idea is erroneous. The feminine cadence is often stronger than the masculine and is used in powerfully rhythmic music such as polonaises. To conclude, I do believe that rock has been actively made as male. However, I do not agree that only males can play rock, as I have witnessed myself many female rock bands sing and play equally (sometimes better) than male rock bands.Heavy metal may have been made in a very territories manner, but it still might provide a number of possibilities for the making of an anti-sexist rock. Bibliography * Firebombed, Hill and Turner, Audiences: A Sociological Theory of performance and imagination. London: Sage, 1998 * Nexus, Popular Music in Theory: An Angela Microbes, 1978: Taking popular music seriously. Seagate Publishing, Ltd. , 2007 * Robert Waller, Running with the Devil: power, gender, and madness in heavy metal music. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, 1993 * Goodliest and Anal, Alternative Femininity: body, age and identity.

Shopping With Teenagers Essay Example

Shopping With Teenagers Essay In this fast paced world, families divide their time by allocating chores on various family members. However, a family economy activity like shopping, whether for groceries or clothes and accessories, is most beneficial when done in participative manner by family members. Why is this so? I wish to attempt in this paper to examine and elucidate on the dynamics of this economic activity, particularly the advantages of bringing one’s teenage children to a buying experience. II. Parent’s Perspective Many parents, mothers in particular, do shopping for household needs. However, there are plenty of times that after doing the activity, the parent end up with articles that they do not need or a particular member does not like the choice of purchase. On occasions, arguments ensue over such unilateral decisions by parents. When consultation is made on the other hand, what is difficult with this is the fact that, time is consumed for exchange of ideas. What happens usually though is that in actual situations almost every family lack the time and space to discuss what their preferences are. Hence, the best option is to bring various family members to shopping. We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping With Teenagers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping With Teenagers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping With Teenagers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, I think the essential and long term positive result of shopping with teenagers is the vicarious and informal way of teaching these children decision making skills. Developing such ability empowers the teenagers to make wise decisions on the use of money, and other exchanges happening during shopping. Young children can be brought to shopping but, more often they are not allowed to make much choice in the purchase, except, to a large extent, on food purchases. At their developmental stage, they are taught at their level, in graduated terms. However, the teenager is at a developmental stage where he/she is ready to accept minor and some heavy responsibilities. They are better able to absorb learning situations better and faster. In the case of this economic activity, this is actually the right time for inculcating values – for money, resources and responsibility. In my observation, decision making abilities are developed during shopping. What is involved during shopping is at times the time constraint. When there is limited time, mother and teenager develop fast thinking ability. The teenager is taught how to budget-calculate the amount incurred as against the fund available. Budgeting is quite difficult to teach because it entails a trial and error method. More often, errors result rather than the precision and correct choices made. If parents get stressed out teaching their teenagers this process, children would end up not learning what and how to buy critically. The aim of every parent for teenagers is for their children to buy things or food, with quality, less cost and durability in mind. III. Teenagers’ Perspective To me, money and possession of it entails responsibility. If at this stage, the teenage son or daughter has not learned important elements of the use of their money and the money earned by their parents, a lifetime of difficulty, even poverty, is a real possibility. What makes this shopping a way of teaching the adolescent children is the fact that it is a leisure activity for children. Inherent in every shopping is its enjoyable experience; an aspect which can be utilized to help make the experience a learning one. For every teenager, I believe that shopping is thoroughly pleasurable. I even overhear a neighbor and her teenage son doing shopping together and her son (who obviously enjoyed this) refer this experience together as â€Å"pleasure.† He would say to his mom, â€Å"Mom, can we go to ‘pleasure’ today?† Probably, it is simply because, he can be with his mother the whole time; lapping it all up, so to speak. The fact that he is a middle child among two other siblings might probably his reason to make these trips with mom such a pleasant experience. Lastly, it is my belief, from personal experience, that having the purchasing power is important to a teenager. Even when mom is around, he or she is afforded the opportunity to make the choice about what should be purchased. It gives the person a sense of personal satisfaction. IV. Conclusion I cannot deny that shopping with adolescent children is not difficult also, nor does it have only the plus side. Shopping with teenage children can mean headache to a mother or parent. The teenager in his/her generation prefers things or food that parents do not approve of more often. They may dress up differently or be influenced by media to choose food that have empty calories. Unless the mother knows how to bargain and make compromises, shopping malls can turn out to be battlefront for families. In my opinion, a shopping activity helps cement relationships and enables teenage children to talk with parents. It is accepted that this stage is wrought with changes that throw a teenager into confusion and wrong choices which will mark him/her for life. It is precisely for this reason that I believe, every parent utilizes any opportunity to make and spend time with any activity to be together with their children. If the only time available is shopping, then I, if I am a parent, should grab that every available chance to enlist my teenager to go shopping with me. I can even make it a point to create occasions just to afford my teenager the attention and presence that I can give. What better way than that which is enjoyable for him/her also? Shopping together is then such a perfect prospect for the both of us.

A Stand Against Assisted Suicide Essay Example

A Stand Against Assisted Suicide Essay A Stand Against Assisted Suicide Assisted suicide is a highly controversial topic. Assisted suicide is when, upon request, a doctor prescribes a lethal dose of medication to a terminally ill patient so that the patient can kill him or herself. In other words, a doctor provides the means for a patient to commit suicide. A form of assisted suicide is euthanasia. Euthanasia is when the doctor intentionally kills the patient with the intentions of ending the patient’s suffering; mercy killing. Although there have been many Supreme Court rulings on assisted suicide and the practice of euthanasia, it is legal in some states like Oregon and Washington. The practice of assisted suicide is done under the term â€Å"terminally ill. † There is no concrete interpretation of the phrase. Therefore, the phrase terminally ill can be interrupted according to which ever definition works best for us. Assisted suicide also causes mistrust between patients and doctors, unnecessary deaths, and involuntary suicide. Assisted suicide has a profound affect on family relationships, doctor-patient relationships, and ethical standards because of the mistrust it creates and the controversy over the issue. Assisted suicide and the use of euthanasia should be outlawed everywhere in the United States, not just in some states. Because euthanasia is a form of assisted suicide, I will, for the purpose of this paper, address the terms â€Å"assisted suicide† and â€Å"euthanasia† as one practice. The most important argument for banning assisted suicide may be that of misdiagnoses. We will write a custom essay sample on A Stand Against Assisted Suicide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Stand Against Assisted Suicide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Stand Against Assisted Suicide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a 2006 New York Times article, journalist David Leonhardt said that â€Å"Studies of autopsies have shown that doctors seriously misdiagnose fatal illnesses about 20 percent of the time† (Leonhardt). Harvard hematologist Jerome Groopman found that â€Å"80% of medical mistakes are the result of predictable mental traps, or cognitive errors†¦ [While] only 20% are due to technical mishaps† (Gorman). In other words, 80% of medical errors are due to the doctors themselves and not to technological issues. With doctors misdiagnosing patients at this astounding rate, it is inevitable that some patients will be misdiagnosed with a terminally ill disease, become depressed about their diagnoses, and think their pain is uncontrollable. This may leads to a request for assisted suicide under false pretences. Not only will these be tragic events, but doctors who misdiagnose are bound to be charged with murder since their diagnoses led to the intentional death of their patient. Erik Van Tongerloo wrote an article against the use of euthanasia on the basis of a true and personal experience: When I was 10 years old I was involved in an accident and was in a coma for 5 weeks. The doctors told my parents I had no chance to survive and they treated me because it was their duty. If euthanasia was allowed maybe I [would] not [be] alive anymore. I am still alive and most of my health problems are cured now. (qtd. in Tongerloo) In Tongerloo’s story, the doctors made a devastating decision prematurely that could have changed the life of Tongerloo and his family forever. Like Tongerloo, we should ask ourselves the same question: If euthanasia was a common practice at that time, would he still be alive? I would like to think so, but we cannot predict what would have been. We can only prevent what can happen in the future by banning the use of assisted suicide in the United States. Assisted suicide should also be outlawed because of the open interpretation of the phrase â€Å"terminally ill. † In other words, â€Å"terminal† can be defined in many different ways. Jack Kevorkian, once deemed â€Å"Doctor Death,† â€Å"defines terminal illness as any disease that curtails life even for a day† (Sarkar). There are many diseases or conditions that can â€Å"curtail life even for a day. † Diabetic patients can slip into temporary comas if they are not careful in treating themselves. Nonetheless, they are not good candidates for assisted suicide. In contrast to Kevorkian’s definition, The Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act of 1989 defines â€Å"Terminal condition [as meaning] an incurable and irreversible condition that, without the administration of life-sustaining treatment, will, in the opinion of the attending physician, result in death within a relatively short time† (National). This is a much more acceptable definition. Several states also have specific laws confined to their state on what â€Å"terminally ill† means. As we can see, the term â€Å"terminally ill† can be revised and manipulated to include everyone at one point or another. With such confusing definitions, some people could argue that they are terminally ill and therefore have a right to assisted suicide. It is only a matter of time before someone makes this argument in front of a Supreme Court and is granted the use of assisted suicide to end their life that may have otherwise been rich and full of experience. Another reason that the practice of assisted suicide should be outlawed is that it will encourage distrust between patients and their attending physicians. Judge John Noonan of the Ninth Circuit panel said that â€Å"most patients do what their doctors recommend. As an eminent commission concluded, once the physician suggests suicide or euthanasia, some patients will feel that they have few, if any, alternatives but to accept the recommendation† (Bork 15-20). We all feel the need to do exactly as our doctor tells us so we should all understand the pressure that these people would be under once the recommendation to commit suicide is presented to them. This pressure is the underlying cause for mistrust in the relationship between a patient and his or her doctor. The medical team, especially doctors, are expected to provide a safe and secure setting for patients. This includes not only physical safety but also the sense of security. When a doctor assists in suicide, people believe that the patient was pressured by the doctor into doing it; therefore breaking the trust bond that patients have with their medical staff. Another important reason to ban assisted suicide is that terminally ill patients may decide upon assisted suicide while they are mentally unwell. Being termed â€Å"terminally ill† has many mentally devastating consequences for most patients. They are disheartened to hear that they will soon die from their disease. In most cases, this leads to severe depression. While under such overwhelming depression, patients are in a very vulnerable state of mind, making any decision they make questionable. Many patients feel pressure from themselves, loved ones, or even from their attending doctors, to end their life, as it is a burden on those around them. Depression is not the only factor that affects the mind of the terminally ill. Most patients with terminal diseases are in unimaginable chronic pain and are under an aggressive regime of pain medication. The affects of such an amount of medication can definitely take its toll on the human mind. Even though the high amount of pain medication does offer some relief of pain, for most patients, it does not eliminate it completely. Therefore, on top of depression and pain medication they also have to deal with the residing pain affecting their state of mind. Mojtaba Rismanchi, a medical student at the University of Medical Sciences, said that â€Å"studies using MRI technology have shown brain deficits in CPPs [(Chronic Pain Patients)]†¦ [A] person who is under the mental pressures [of pain] is not capable of making critical decisions† (Rismanchi). According to Rismanchi, patients experiencing chronic pain cannot make critical decisions, like assisted suicide, with a straight and clear mind. We can compare the affects of chronic pain to torture. When someone is tortured they will most likely do anything, rational or not, to end their pain. It is the same with CPPs. We can not allow such radical decisions to be made under such circumstances, but rather we should continue to strive to make their lives more comfortable. Another strong argument for banning assisted suicide is the â€Å"slippery-slope† argument that says that voluntary euthanasia will lead to involuntary euthanasia. Penney Lewis, a School of Law graduate, says that we’ve seen this â€Å"slippery-slope† before with the case of abortion. [T]he legalization of abortion in limited circumstances [has lead] down the slippery slope towards abortion on demand and even infanticide; and the legalization of assisted suicide [will lead] inexorably to the acceptance of voluntary euthanasia and subsequently to the sanctioning of the practice of non-voluntary euthanasia – even involuntary euthanasia of â€Å"undesirable† individuals. Lewis 195-210) If we look at how the outlook on abortion used to be and how far its acceptance has come today, we can use abortion as a precedent, like Lewis has, to see what will happen in the future if we allow assisted suicide, even with limited abilities. In fact, studies have already been made in other countries that already practice assisted suicide, such as the Netherlands, to determine how many individuals die each year due to involuntary euthan asia. Despite the fact that the rate of legalized euthanasia in the Netherlands has gone up, in the three large-scale surveys conducted in that country the rate of terminations of life without explicit request (the Dutch term for non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia) has remained steady at roughly 0. 7–0. 8% of all deaths in the Netherlands (roughly 900–1000 deaths). (qtd. in Smith 131) The Netherlands are not the only country to be experiencing death by involuntary euthanasia. In 1997, Australia reported that 3. 5% of all deaths involving euthanasia were the result of non-voluntary or involuntary euthanasia (Smith 131). Belgium and Denmark are also listed in the study, each with their own numbers of involuntary deaths. As the evidence points out, voluntary euthanasia will lead to involuntary euthanasia if we allow it to be practiced. Some people disagree with banning the use of assisted suicide and euthanasia. The backbone of their campaign is the idea of autonomy, â€Å"the quality or state of being self-governing; especially the right of self-government† (Dictionary). They believe that everyone should be able to decide how they want to die. If someone wants to die by assisted suicide, it is his or her fundamental right to be able to do so. Proponents of banning assisted suicide do not solely disagree that people should be able to be self-governing, but they do believe that the consequences of these actions will affect everything; thus the arguments against it. The consequences of allowing such actions would be far worse than the consequences of outlawing it. Another argument against banning assisted suicide is that by doing so we are forcing patients to suffer and endure unbearable pain and heartache. This has long been a concern for both parties campaigning for or against assisted suicide. Proponents of outlawing the practice have agreed that extra measures can be put in place to make the fight against pain more aggressive and accurate. Everyday new discoveries are being made to help these people escape their suffering without ending their life. Besides medications, certified nursing assistants and other nurse faculty are trained and highly qualified to help meet these patient’s every need and help them be as comfortable as possible. A last argument against banning assisted suicide is that families with a loved one plagued by a terminal illness can end their grief and continue on with their lives by allowing an assisted suicide to happen to their loved one. It is a complicated situation and emotionally tiring to have a loved one with a terminal disease. No one admits to understanding the grief one must go through while watching a loved one suffer in agony. However, there are other alternatives to dealing with this grief. Most hospitals offer convenient counselors and therapists that specialize in helping the families of sick patients. These therapists are trained to help families deal with these hard times and help them continue to live life. Ending someone’s life so that the family can â€Å"move on† is understandable, but not acceptable when other alternatives are presented. As I have shown, assisted suicide and the use of euthanasia must be outlawed in every state. Lewis was right when she said that â€Å"today’s decision-makers [are called upon] to consider the behavior of others who tomorrow will have to apply or interpret today’s decisions† (Lewis 195-210). The decisions we make today will be acted upon in the future. If we allow assisted suicide, it will forever change the moral code, by which we, as the community of medicine, act upon, the relationships our patients will have with us, and numerous other devastating affects. â€Å"The terminally ill are a class of persons who need protection from family, social, and economic pressures, and who are often particularly vulnerable to such pressures because of chronic pain, depression, and the effects of medication† (Alaska). Together we can stand up against assisted suicide and encourage the continuous study of alternative methods to help terminally ill patients. We will not regret it. Works Cited Alaska Supreme Court. Sampson et al. v State of Alaska (09/21/2001) sp-5474. Alaska Supreme Court Decisions. Web. Touchngo. com. 24 Feb. 2010. â€Å"Autonomy. † Def. Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/autonomy Bork, Robert H. KILLING FOR CONVENIENCE: ABORTION, ASSISTED SUICIDE, AND Euthanasia. Human Life Review. 3. 1 (1997): 15-20. Print. Gorman, Christine. Where Doctors Go Wrong. Time Magazine 26 March 2007: Print. Academic Search Complete. 24 Feb. 2010. Leonhardt, David. Why Doctors So Often Get It Wrong. New York Times 22 Feb. 2006: p. 1. Print. Lewis, Penney. The Empirical Slippery Slope from Voluntary to Non-Voluntary Euthanasia.. Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics. 35. 1 (2007): 195-210. Print. National Conference of Commissioners. UNIFORM RIGHT S OF THE TERMINALLY ILL ACT (1989). Kauai, Hawaii July 28 – August 4, 1989. Rismanchi, Mojtaba. Chronic Pain and Voluntary Euthanasia. Journal of Medical Ethics History of Medicine. 1. (2008): 1-3. Print. Retrieved from the â€Å"Academic Search Complete† database. Sarkar, Spiti. â€Å"Right to die- To be or not to be? legalserviceidia. com. Smith, Stephen W. Empirical research in the debate on physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia.. Clinical Ethics. 2. 3 (2007): 129-132. Print. Tongerloo, Erik Van. Arguments against euthanasia. helium. com. Helium Inc. , Web. 23 Feb 2010.

Individualized Education Plan Goals for Place Value

Individualized Education Plan Goals for Place Value Learning place value is critical for expanding mathematical understanding past single-digit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division- even for students who are on an individual education plan, or  IEP. Understanding ones, tens, hundreds, thousands as well as tenths, hundredths, etc.- also referred to as the  base 10  system- will help IEP students manipulate and use large numbers. Base 10 is also the foundation of the U.S. monetary system, and the metric measurement system. Read on to find examples of IEP goals for place value that align to the  Common Core State Standards. The Common Core State Standards Before you can write IEP goals for place value/the base-10 system, its important to understand what the Common Core State Standards require for this skill. The standards, developed by a federal panel and adopted by 42 states, require that students- whether they are on an IEP or mainstream students in the general education population- must: Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones. (They must also be able to):Count within 1,000; skip-count by 5s, 10s, and 100s.Read and write numbers to 1,000 using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form. IEP Goals for the Place Value Regardless of whether your student is eight or 18, she stills  need to master these skills. The following IEP goals would be considered appropriate for that purpose. Feel free to use these suggested goals as you write your IEP. Note that you would replace Johnny Student with the name of your student. When given a two-digit number, Johnny Student will model the number using place value rods and blocks, with 90 percent accuracy in four out of five trials administered over a one-week period as measured by teacher-charted data and work samples.When presented with three-digit numbers, Johnny Student will correctly identify the digit in the ones, tens, and hundreds places with 90 percent accuracy in four out of five trials administered over a one-week period as measured by teacher-charted data and work samples. Specific and Measurable Remember that to be legally acceptable,  IEP goals must be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-limited. In the previous examples, the teacher would track the students progress, over a one-week period, and document progress via data and work samples demonstrating the student can perform the skill with 90-percent accuracy. You can also write place-value goals in a way that measures the number of correct student responses, rather the percentage of accuracy, such as: In a classroom setting, when given a missing numbers chart with numbers up to 100, Johnny Student will write nine out of 10 correct numbers in three out of four consecutive trials over a one-month period as measured by teacher and staff observation as well as work samples.When presented with a three-digit number between 100 and 1,000, Johnny Student will count up by 10s in nine out of 10 trials over a one-month period as measured by teacher and staff observation as well as work samples. By writing the goals in this manner, you can track student progress through simple worksheets that allow the student to count by 10s. This makes  tracking student progress  in using the base-10 system much easier.

Guy Fawkes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Guy Fawkes - Essay Example The political activism of Guy Fawkes, also known as Guido Fawkes, clearly conveys that an individual always has an intention to establish his own understanding about society and politics. Sometimes, such understanding or conceptions take forms of orthodoxy, depending on which a person learns to believe that his method is ultimately beneficiary for the society and its inhabitants. Though development of such understanding is a cumulative and communal process, an individual attempts to rage against any of such policies that violates his own ideologies. A violent form of defiance of such ideologies ultimately gives birth to acts of terrorism, aimed against destroying all forms of socio-political mechanisms which the individual or individuals consider existing in contrary to their respective ideological observations. Such belief of Guy Fawkes and his associates led to planning of the Gunpowder Treason, by which they attempted to bring an end to rule of King James I and the new policies th at he wished to implement for further development of the English society during the 1600s. Guy Fawkes was born on April 13th, 1970 in York as the only son of Edward Fawkes and Edith Blake. Though his early childhood was quite simple, soon he encountered series of tragedies in the form of death of his father and secret remarriage of his mother in a catholic family (â€Å"Guy Fawkes, On the Trail of the Gunpowder Plotters†, 2). Though he was basically from a protestant family, he never really appreciated the protestant religious outlook since his childhood. It seems that the main reasons for his Catholic orientation were his upbringing and education at St. Peter’s School at York. During his education in this school he came into close proximity with several other students, some of whom, later on, became active participants of the Gunpowder plot. The phase of 1582